44 pages • 1 hour read
The novel opens with a poem in which Carroll describes the genesis of the story. He is with three small girls who are rowing a boat down the river and begging him to tell a story. He refers to them as the “cruel Three;” the first (“Prima”) importunes him to begin, the second (“Secunda”) hopes the story will contain nonsense, and the third (“Tertia”) constantly interrupts him (3).
He recalls how they are enrapt in the story and half-believe it. When the story is finished, they all sail home. He writes the story and presents it to Alice, who is one of the girls, hoping that she will keep it as a memento to her childhood.
Alice sits on the riverbank with her older sister, who is reading. Alice finds the book boring because it does not contain illustrations or dialogue. She thinks about making a daisy chain and is about to doze off, when she sees a white rabbit hurry past saying “I shall be too late!” (5). She does not think it strange until she realizes the rabbit is wearing a waistcoat and pocket watch. She gets up and runs after it, following it down a long, dark rabbit hole. The tunnel is lined with cupboards, bookshelves, maps, and pictures, as if it were a regular room. Alice fears she may be falling through the earth and will wind up in New Zealand or Australia.
At the bottom of the tunnel, she follows the White Rabbit down a dark passageway and finds herself in a hall surrounded by locked doors. She unlocks a door that leads to a beautiful garden, but the door is too small for her to fit through. On a table she finds a bottle labeled “Drink me.” After deciding it is not poison, Alice drinks it and immediately shrinks to about 10 inches tall. She tries to enter the door to the garden, but realizes she has left the key on the table, which she is too short to reach. She spies a cake on the ground beneath the table. The currants in the cake spell out “Eat me,” which Alice does.
The cake makes Alice grow to a great height. Frustrated that she cannot enter the garden, Alice begins to cry, and a large pool of tears fills the room. She stops crying when she sees the White Rabbit running down the hall. He is dressed up and is carrying a fan and a pair of white kid gloves. Alice picks up the fan and gloves, which he drops as he is hurrying away.
Alice worries that she is losing her identity. She tries to recite her school lessons—multiplication tables and an edifying children’s poem—but the words come out wrong. She wonders if she has become one of her classmates but decides she cannot be because they are too different.
Meanwhile, Alice has begun to shrink. On her way back to the little door she nearly drowns in the pool of tears that she cried when she was taller and must swim to safety. On the way, she meets a mouse and a number of other animals who have fallen into the water. She offends the Mouse by asking it if it likes dogs and cats (it does not), and the Mouse says that it will tell her why when they reach the shore.
Alice and the animals are looking for a way to dry off, and the Mouse proceeds to tell the story of William the Conqueror because it is a “dry” subject (32-33). This does not work, so the Dodo proposes they have a caucus-race, in which all parties run around for half an hour, until they are dry. The Dodo declares they are all winners of the race, and Alice hands around candy from her pocket as the prize.
The Mouse begins to tell its story, in which a dog named Fury proposes they hold a trial and plans to sentence the Mouse to death. The Mouse accuses Alice of not listening. It storms off, believing Alice is talking nonsense. Alice begins to cry again and wishes aloud that her cat Dinah were there because she is good at catching mice. This startles the other animals—several of whom are birds—and they scatter.
The poem allows Carroll to frame the story’s intention for the reader. He emphasizes that it is first and foremost an oral tale invented to entertain children and that the written version should be laid “where Childhood’s dreams are twined/In Memory’s mystic band,” in other words, with other childhood keepsakes (4). The key theme of the story representing childhood memories will return at the end of the novel, when Alice’s sister thinks about Alice growing up.
The first three chapters establish the story’s world and themes. The first chapter presents Alice’s everyday world. The most important piece of information in the opening paragraphs is that Alice finds her everyday world boring. She longs for entertainment, hence her comment about her sister’s book lacking pictures and conversations (5). Very quickly, the narrative leaves the everyday world and launches Alice on a quest for adventure led by the White Rabbit.
The White Rabbit does not consciously lead Alice, but it acts as a guide for her transition from the everyday to the fantasy world. Alice’s fantasy world is filled with familiar places and objects that have taken on unfamiliar roles. Shelves and cupboards appear in a tunnel instead of in a room, doors come in all shapes and sizes, eating and drinking cause her to grow and shrink dramatically, and animals can talk. Another element of Alice’s everyday world that changes in Wonderland is her education. At various times, she tries to recite her school lessons or do math problems, but the answers always come out jumbled. The key theme of questioning logic and accepted knowledge appears throughout the novel.
The final key theme established in these chapters is Alice’s crisis of identity. The defamiliarization that occurs in Wonderland leads her to fundamentally question who she is. This identity crisis produces fear in Alice, but it never daunts her in her quest, which is, in the first chapters, to enter the garden. In order to fight off the loss of her identity, Alice begins to recite school lessons and a children’s poem about honeybees and their industriousness. What comes out of her mouth instead, to her surprise, is a poem about a lazy crocodile snapping up fish. In a clever and childlike way, the passage seems to suggest the breakdown of order and of self-control, a kind of regression.
It is worth noting that the novel is episodic, with one experience leading to the next and curiosity provoking her to explore further. In this regard, the novel has an affinity with the picaresque, a popular genre in which the protagonist undergoes various unrelated comic adventures.
An important character trait established in these chapters is Alice’s defiance. She is argumentative, unafraid to express her opinion, even in highly unfamiliar circumstances. In Victorian times, children were taught to speak only when spoken to, so her personality shows that she is unconventional. She has back and forth arguments with herself about her situation and argues with the creatures she meets when she finds them rude or challenging. Though she becomes frustrated and cries at times, she never loses her desire to explore or allows herself to become overwhelmed.
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