60 pages • 2 hours read
Summary
Background
Chapter Summaries & Analyses
Character Analysis
Themes
Symbols & Motifs
Important Quotes
Essay Topics
Tools
Content Warning: Sexual assault and sexualization occur frequently throughout the novel. In addition, derogatory terms for women are used, and suicide, drug abuse, alcoholism, and abortion are presented.
Eddy G and Cass refer to Norma Jeane as Fish occasionally throughout their relationship, and she has also overheard Otto referring to a woman, possibly her, as a Fish. Cass will not tell Norma Jeane what this phrase means, likely because he knows it is hurtful. While the term is used derogatorily in different ways in American culture, Eddy G tells her that Fish refers to her being a woman. He tells her that she cannot help it and that it refers to a stink inherent in women. He goes on to tell her that even men can be Fish if they are splayed out.
This description of the term comes after Norma contemplates the sex that she has with the two that is frequently painful, and she does not understand the appeal of this type of sex for these men. In these ways, the nickname Fish symbolizes the disrespect many people in Hollywood have for Norma Jeane and for women in general. Norma Jeane is the particular person being exploited, but that is because she has physical characteristics and a neediness that is able to be exploited. Had any woman had her same body and neediness, they likely would have been exploited in the same way.
Fish is an apt nickname to symbolize this derision certain men have of women because it is a dehumanizing term, relating as it does to a subhuman creature. Further, the term does not refer to even the totality of a fish but rather to its more repulsive characteristics. Cass and Eddy G purport to love Norma Jeane, and they may very well love her, but they also do not respect her as an equal, and this is symbolized through their nickname for her.
The celestial stars, in part, represent Norma Jeane. She is a Hollywood star, and she gets disturbed when Cass and Eddy G point out that celestial stars are merely light. She insists that they must have some substance. This is symbolic of the substance that Norma Jeane desires in her life. All those around her want her to represent sex and not much more. Frequently people get annoyed by the books she reads, and they mock her mispronunciations, as they have no desire for the object of their sexual desire to be nuanced or developed. Norma Jeane’s coworkers get frustrated by the number of times she insists on retakes because she wants her performance to be impeccable. All that people want of Norma Jeane is her body, but she tries, through poetry classes, reading, acting classes, and a foray into theater, to become more. In the end, in the eyes of the world, she never is able to be seen as anything more than light, than her body, and she dies out just as celestial stars do. Stars are an apt symbol for this desire the world has to make Marilyn Monroe merely a symbol in herself. Just as stars are light, she is only desired for her life. Just as stars die out, so does Norma Jeane.
Tiger dolls appear numerous times throughout the novel. The first time is when Norma Jeane is young and in the orphanage. She is given the tiger and loves it, but it is stolen. Next, tigers make an appearance when Norma Jeane befriends Irina. Irina is not her daughter, but Norma Jeane pretends she is. She makes the young girl a toy tiger before the girl disappears with her mother. Finally, Eddy G steals a toy tiger for Norma Jeane and her baby after they discover that she is pregnant.
In the first instance, the tiger is stolen from Norma Jeane, but in the other two instances, they represent babies that are taken from Norma Jeane. In this way, these toy tigers symbolize the elusiveness of motherhood and mothering for Norma Jeane. Having a mother was beyond Norma Jeane’s control because her birth mother could not care for her, and Elsie sends her away out of fear that Warren will seduce the girl. Later, however, she is denied motherhood. This motherhood is denied to her out of her own choice because she aborts most of the babies that she conceives, including the one with the Gemini, but still, she desires strongly to be among the women who are mothers, and she is never able to achieve this goal. In this way, the tigers represent the degree to which having a mother and being a mother remains constantly out of Norma Jeane’s reach.
Plus, gain access to 8,800+ more expert-written Study Guides.
Including features:
By Joyce Carol Oates