52 pages • 1 hour read
Throughout the novel, various characters are impacted by societal ideals concerning the American Dream. This archetype emphasizes that the US is a unique nation because despite social status, citizens can, with hard work and determination, improve their status and achieve financial success. Rocky Rhodes is keenly aware that his father accomplished this though several lucrative business holdings and that, in keeping with the archetype, Rocky is expected to further grow his father’s businesses and become even more financially successful. For Rocky, however, the American Dream takes a different form: He opts to travel west, leaving his home and shirking his father’s goals for him. His building of the Three Chairs home in the inhospitable desert is Rocky’s proof of success. In addition, he holds strong feelings about the right to the water on his property. Because of his strongly held beliefs, he spends a lifetime battling the Los Angeles Department of Water.
Likewise, notions of the American Dream affect Schiff. He frequently dwells on his parents’ immigration and the way that, despite their being Jewish and thus outsiders of sorts, they worked to assimilate into American culture. In keeping with this trope, his parents want Schiff to not only have a happy and fulfilled life but also to pursue education and a career that is regarded as prestigious; in doing this, Schiff brings pride to his family and honors the struggles his parents may have endured.
The Japanese Americans who are interred at Manzanar similarly epitomize the American Dream. The novel indicates that many of them, as immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, successfully obtained educations, purchased land or homes, pursued careers, and established businesses. In this way, they’re not only like the immigrants of all other ethnicities who immigrate to the US, but they’re also like native-born citizens—sharing the same aspirations for bettering their lives and the lives of their offspring. Ironically, however, the US government regards these individuals as potential enemies. Although they live in the US and contribute to its economy, their ethnicity supersedes their identity as Americans, and the government views them as an “other.” This aspect of the novel, then, and the paths taken by Rocky and Schiff demonstrate that the definition of the American Dream isn’t the same for everyone, and the path to achieving it is neither linear nor easy.
The deaths of loved ones clearly impacts the characters in the novel from the start. Rocky, Stryker, and Sunny all mourn Lou’s death, though in different ways. Rocky copes with her absence quietly, not sharing his grief outwardly with others. His home—Three Chairs—and its surroundings, however, provide constant reminders of her. In the snow, he finds one of her footprints and, though he considers preserving it, he allows it to fade. The area where her clinic stood recalls her presence, as does the place in the home where the iron lung (in which she spent the end of her life) once stood. Underneath this machine, young Stryker goes to mourn his mother in the days immediately following her death. In doing so, it’s as if he’s imagining that she’s still physically present in the last place she dwelt. This action foreshadows a later time when, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Rocky enters the small dwelling where Stryker resided before he left Three Chairs. The clothing, books, and photographs that Stryker left behind are reminders of him, and, importantly, Rocky chooses not to disturb any of the items. By leaving them in place, he not only preserves Stryker’s memory, keeping him symbolically alive, but holds out hope that Stryker may one day return, that he might not truly have died after all.
Similarly, Sunny actively preserves Lou’s memory. She asks Cas many questions about Lou’s childhood, her experiences, and other aspects of Lou’s younger life to learn as much as she can about her late mother. Another important way that Sunny mourns her mother’s absence, honors her memory, and maintains a connection to her is through food and cooking. Lou’s notebooks, recipes, and cookbooks provide insight into her character via her cooking process. Sunny sets out to master her mother’s recipes, and this proves not to be a straightforward task because Sunny must not only learn French to do so but must sort out Lou’s vague and sometimes cryptic instructions and insights on the cooking process. Through cooking her mother’s food, Sunny forges a stronger connection to Lou and keeps her memory alive.
In both the case of Lou and Stryker, the people that mourn their absence preserve their memories of their loved ones and the lives they lived by preserving important artifacts from them, thus keeping their contributions alive. Rocky’s death at the novel’s end presents another opportunity for those left behind to honor the memory of a loved one.
Rocky and Cas’s father, whom they refer to as “Punch,” established several lucrative businesses. Rather than maintaining the businesses after his father’s death, however, Rocky liquidates them except for the plot of land in California where he eventually builds Three Chairs. In moving west, Rocky defies his father’s expectations that he’ll carry out the industry that Punch established. Rocky is aware of Punch’s disapproval of his move west and recognizes the expectation to carry out his father’s legacy by continuing his businesses. For Rocky, however, pursuing his own interests takes priority to honoring his father’s wishes. He frequently jokes about the ways in which he has disappointed Punch by defying him but remains committed to his decision. Ironically, however, Stryker indirectly follows in his father’s footsteps by joining the Navy and leaving Three Chairs forever. Rocky’s refusal to speak to Stryker is somewhat hypocritical given that he defied his own father in a similar way. On the other hand, Stryker’s betrayal doesn’t stop Rocky from loving his son.
Schiff, too, must reckon with his parents’ expectations for his life. He’s keenly aware of the ways his parents have been shaped by the immigrant notion of the opportunities for a better life in the US. They regard their role as parents as providing Schiff with the foundation to ensure he secures a profession that earns the respect of other Americans, including non-Jews. Law is, in their estimation, such a profession. Schiff, however, doesn’t become a court attorney but rather takes on various roles within the government. His father fears that he’ll enlist, envisioning his son’s talents forsaken and wasted if he were to enter into combat. Ultimately, Schiff’s career path is meaningful one because he ultimately secures the opportunity to construct the new Japanese constitution upon the war’s end.
Sunny, being female, doesn’t have the pressure of following a familial legacy. Instead, the combination of wanting to better know her late mother and her interest in food leads her to pursue a career as a chef. According to Schiff and others, her talents are worthy of higher aspirations; however, Sunny is content with the fine dining restaurant she establishes first in Lone Pine, then later in a similarly small town. Nevertheless, she recognizes, at many junctures in her life, that the wealth accrued by her family puts her at an advantage over others. She selflessly pays this favor forward by feeding those in need during the war. In this way, her actions echo the selfless way that Lou provided medical care at no cost, indicating that Sunny has developed her own form of carrying on familial legacy.
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