44 pages • 1 hour read
Summary
Chapter Summaries & Analyses
Character Analysis
Themes
Symbols & Motifs
Important Quotes
Essay Topics
Tools
Lila Mae spends much of the next day rereading Fulton’s Intuitionist texts, newly aware of his racial identity. She is certain that these texts would never have been published if his race had been known—or, his ideas would have appeared under the name of a white man who stole them. She also feels a strange feeling of betrayal; she thought she chose Intuitionism, but Intuitionism chose her, by virtue of her blood’s destiny.
Two days later, it is the night of the Funicular Follies, the Elevator Guild’s annual industry banquet. Politically, it is an enormously important event for both Chancre and Lever. Lila Mae never attends this banquet, but she is here tonight, responding to an invite from Natchez who promised “a surprise” for her. Thinly disguised as a member of the kitchen staff, Lila Mae has little reason to fear that anyone will recognize her: “They do not see her” (153).
Among the entertainment acts are the Safety Girls, a group of dancers affiliated with United Elevator, a major elevator manufacturer. This is relevant because it means Chancre has aligned with United, rather than the company’s biggest competitor, Arbo.
After the Safety Girls perform, two of Lila Mae’s white colleagues appear in blackface and join the stage for a minstrel show called “Mr. Gizzard and Hambone.” As the two perform hideously racist caricatures of Black men, the inspectors in attendance laugh uproariously, even and especially Pompey: “His mouth is cracked open with laughter. He slaps the table and shakes his head” (155). Meanwhile, the Black kitchen staff stays silent, including Lila Mae, who deceives herself into believing that her only reason for saying nothing is that she doesn’t want to draw attention to herself: “She thinks the other women are so beaten that they cannot speak of the incident, when all of them, Lila Mae included, are silent for the same reason: because this is the world they have been born into, and there is no changing that” (156).
For the final part of the show, Chancre climbs the stage dressed as Elisha Graves Otis to perform a reenactment of the debut of the first Safety Elevator at the 1853 Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations. As Lila Mae watches Chancre grossly subvert this historic moment in the hallowed collective memory of elevator inspectors, the Internal Affairs agent, Arbergast, slowly approaches. He believes he may recognize Lila Mae. But at the moment he places his hand on her shoulder, the Safety Elevator replica crashes, sending Chancre to the ground with serious injuries. In the commotion, Lila Mae escapes from Arbergast’s grasp.
In an interlude set decades ago, Lila Mae’s father, Marvin Watson, studies engineering in pursuit of becoming an elevator inspector. At that time, however, businesses refuse to hire Black elevator inspectors. Instead, he gets a job as an elevator operator at a department store. One day, a white elevator inspector refuses to inspect the elevator with Marvin nearby because he is Black.
In the present, Lila Mae calls Chuck on a payphone. He tells her Chancre is in the hospital with a broken leg, and most observers believe Lever is responsible and possibly even working through Lila Mae. Lila Mae tells Chuck to get close to Arbergast to determine the exact forensic causes of the Fanny Briggs crash.
Still certain that Pompey is responsible for sabotaging the Fanny Briggs elevator, Lila Mae tails him. Natchez joins her and agrees to help her clear her name if she helps him retrieve the black box. Natchez also confirms he is responsible for Chancre’s crash at the Follies. Lila Mae and Natchez watch Pompey knock on a door and enter a discreet building. Outside, there is a car stopped, and the driver is the same man who abducted Lila Mae—one of Chancre and Shush’s henchmen. Pompey exits in a workman’s uniform, and Lila Mae and Natchez tail him to a building at 366 Eighth Avenue.
That night, Natchez brings flowers to Lila Mae at the rundown hotel where she is staying. They plot their next moves: Lila Mae will confront Pompey, and Natchez will sneak into Lift magazine to take photographs of the Fulton journal pages sent to Ben. Lila Mae, whose physical attraction to Natchez continues to grow, asks him if he wants to get dinner. Natchez politely declines, adding that he wants to take it slow and gently prodding Lila Mae about being “one of these modern city gals” (189). He promises to take her out the following night and kisses her on the cheek.
The next day, Lila Mae confronts Pompey at his apartment, which to her surprise is only two blocks from her own. Before she can knock, the door opens to reveal Pompey’s wife and two sons—Lila Mae assumed he had a wife but did not realize he had children. Once the wife and children leave, Lila Mae accuses Pompey of sabotaging the Fanny Briggs elevator. When he denies it, Lila Mae counters that she followed him yesterday and thus knows he is involved with Shush’s criminal enterprise. Eventually, Pompey admits that Chancre pays him on the side to clean up after Shush’s elevator maintenance crews, who always do a bad job.
Lila Mae calls Pompey out for breaking the law and, more importantly, his elevator inspector oath. Pompey dismisses her appeals to duty, adding that he has two sons and refuses to see them grow up in a crime-ridden area steadily on the decline. He grows more defiant:
What I done, I done because I had no other choice. [...] You come along, strutting like you own the place. Like they don’t own you. But they do. [...] I was the first colored elevator inspector in history. In history! And you will never know what hell they put me through. [...] You had it easy, snot-nose kid that you are, because of me. Because of what I did for you (195).
The scene ends, and an interlude tells the fictional story of Roland the Carpenter, who in the 13th century built the first two-story churches. He is worshipped as “the patron saint of elevator inspectors” (197).
In the present, before Lila Mae’s dinner date with Natchez, she decides to help him out by infiltrating Lift herself and photographing Ben’s pages. She easily slips past the night watchman, claiming to be there on an elevator inspection appointment. Upstairs, the newsroom is empty, and Lila Mae finds Urich’s desk. As she takes out her miniature camera, Ben suddenly appears and says, “You must be Lila Mae Watson” (202). Lila Mae is confused that Urich seems to be expecting her. He directs her to the journal pages. After leafing through them, Lila Mae is certain they are Fulton’s. Moreover, the notes seem to confirm that the black box works.
In talking to Urich, Lila Mae realizes that the battle between Chancre and Lever, Empiricist and Intuitionist, is really nothing more than a proxy war between United and Arbo, the two biggest elevator manufacturers in the world. Chancre’s campaign is backed by United and Lever’s by Arbo. Lila Mae is taken aback. Urich continues: “Did you think this was all about philosophy? Who’s the better man—Intuitionism or Empiricism? No one really gives a crap about that. Arbo and United are the guys who make the things. That’s what really matters” (208).
Urich also reveals that it was Arbo’s men, not United’s, who broke his fingers and told him to lay off the story. Their reasoning was that, if the black box is a hoax, a story about it will eventually make Arbo look bad. Thus, Jim and John, the men who searched her apartment, belonged to Arbo and Lever’s camp all along. What’s more, Urich shows her a photo of one of Arbo’s top “consultants,” an imposing corporate henchman named Raymond Coombs—or, as Lila Mae knows him, Natchez. In a final reveal, Urich shows Lila Mae why everyone’s put her at the center of the hunt for the black box. On one of the journal pages, Fulton wrote, “Lila Mae Watson is the one” (211).
Suddenly, Jim and John appear. As Jim strangles Ben, Ben kicks a chair into John’s path, buying Lila Mae some time to escape to the street.
Central to this section is the setpiece of the Funicular Follies, an elevator industry event Lila Mae infiltrates under the thin guise of a kitchen worker. The mere fact that virtually none of the guests recognize their colleague—particularly given her relatively high profile as both the first Black female elevator inspector and an inspector wanted for sabotage—is an indictment of these men’s inability to see Blackness independent of servitude: “They do not see her. [...] They ask the white waiters about the action at the cocktail bar, but do not ask the colored help for anything except for what they offer from the hors d’oeuvre tray. Food” (153). This plays into the book’s themes regarding the advantages and disadvantages of being seen. The advantages are obvious: Being seen is fundamental to humans’ existence as social beings. Yet Lila Mae is able to use her invisibility to her advantage, as she awaits Natchez’s “surprise.” This dynamic is also seen earlier in the book, when the leaders of both the Empiricist camp and the Intuitionist camp fail to recognize how formidable Lila Mae is, to their detriment.
From a narrative perspective, the climax of the Funicular Follies setpiece is the scene in which Chancre’s Safety Elevator replica collapses, ruining his Elisha Otis stunt. But from a thematic perspective, the climax is the hideously racist minstrel show, “Mr. Gizzard and Hambone.” First developed in the early 19th century, minstrel shows are racist theatrical performances featuring predominantly white actors who put on blackface to portray Black people in a negative light—generally as lazy, slow-witted buffoons. Although professional minstrelsy began to wane with the advent of motion pictures, due to the diminished marketability of vaudeville more generally, amateur performances like the one featured in The Intuitionist were still common well into the second half of the 20th century.
Whitehead devotes three whole pages to the despicable performance, transcribing its jokes and punctuating each punchline with descriptions of the adoring crowd overtaken by uproarious laughter. He wants readers to experience how painful these shows are, even in a fictional context and even without the horrifying visuals accompanying them. This is the first thing the minstrel show reveals: the rank racism of the attendees who fall over in their chairs watching caricatures of Black Americans. This goes unsaid, but readers may ponder how Fulton, a Black man passing as white, reacted when exposed to such displays in the company of his white colleagues. The minstrel show also reveals the attitudes of the Black kitchen staff, who continue to go about their business as if they hadn’t just endured a horrific and offensive assault on their entire race. At first, Lila Mae is judgmental of their silence, but she quickly realizes that she has no more excuse than they do for staying silent:
She tricks herself that that is why she does not mention what she has seen, tells herself it is because she is undercover and speaking to them might trip her up, a dozen other reasons. She thinks the other women are so beaten that they cannot speak of the incident, when all of them, Lila Mae included, are silent for the same reason: because this is the world they have been born into, and there is no changing that (156).
By contrast, Lila Mae is disgusted yet unsurprised to see Pompey’s reaction to the minstrel show: “His mouth is cracked open with laughter. He slaps the table and shakes his head” (155). The whole book, Lila Mae has seethed with resentment toward Pompey, whom she explicitly describes as an “Uncle Tom” (239), an offensive term for a person of color perceived to be overly subservient in the face of racial discrimination. So consuming is her disdain for Pompey that she jumps to the conclusion that he sabotaged the Fanny Briggs elevator, despite there being no evidence in support of it.
In one of many significant evolutions to Lila Mae’s worldview in the second half of the book, she realizes her take on Pompey was deeply unfair. Even worse, it is indicative of how she played directly into her white colleagues’ hands by letting herself be pitted against the only other Black elevator inspector: “She hated her place in their world, where she fell in their order of things, and blamed Pompey, her shucking shadow in the office. She could not see him anymore than anyone else in the office saw him” (239).
Finally, these chapters show Lila Mae reading Fulton’s words anew, with the knowledge that he was Black. Whitehead frames these passages in the language of antebellum slave narratives and post-Reconstruction racial uplift narratives, both of which prized literacy and education as the most effective ways for Black Americans to escape oppression. Numerous states across the US South banned teaching enslaved people to read or write, and so reading was a form of small but significant rebellion. This is echoed as Lila Mae reinterprets Fulton’s theoretical texts through the lens of his Blackness: “Fulton’s nigresence whispered from the binding of the House’s signed first editions, tinting the disciples’ words, reconnoting them. Only she could see it, this shadow. She had learned to read and there was no one she could tell” (151).
This “new literacy,” as she will later call, it runs parallel to a series of other major revelations in this section—namely, that the fight between Empiricism and Intuitionism she finds herself embroiled in is merely a fight between two corporate titans, United and Arbo. The extent to which capitalist interests trump the philosophical and metaphysical concepts that so draw Lila Mae to elevator science and Fulton’s theories are of no concern to those with the real power: the giant manufacturers who make the elevators. The upshot of this dispiriting discovery is that injustice and oppression, along with the possibility and peril of racial uplift, mean nothing to those who exercise real influence in this world.
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By Colson Whitehead